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EN14214

EN14214 is a European standard specifying the requirements and test methods for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for use as a diesel fuel or as a blending component with diesel fuel. This standard ensures that the biodiesel produced is fit for purpose in terms of engine performance and emissions when used in […] Read More

Energy Transition

Energy Transition refers to the global shift from reliance on fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas towards more sustainable and renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power. This transition is driven by the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change, improve energy security, and create a […] Read More

Economic sanctions

### Economic Sanctions: **Definition:** Economic sanctions are a form of punitive measure taken by one or more countries against a targeted country, group, or individual in an attempt to influence their behavior and policies by restricting trade and/or financial transactions. These sanctions can take various forms such as tariffs, trade barriers, import quotas, currency restrictions, […] Read More

Economies of scale

Economies of scale refer to the cost advantage that arises with increased output of a product. Essentially, as companies grow and the scale of their operations expands, they can usually produce goods or services more cheaply per unit. This reduction in cost is achieved through several factors, such as the ability to buy inputs in […] Read More

Dry-bulk vessels

Dry-bulk vessels are large ships specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, steel coils, and cement, in its cargo holds. Unlike tankers that carry liquid products or container ships designed for containerized cargo, dry-bulk vessels are optimized for materials that are loaded, transported, and discharged in a dry condition. These […] Read More

Biofuels

Biofuels are a category of energy sources derived from biological materials (biomass), such as plants and animal waste. These fuels are considered to be renewable because the feedstock used in their production can be regrown or replenished over a short period of time, as opposed to fossil fuels which take millions of years to form. […] Read More

Downstream

Downstream refers to all activities and processes involved in the oil and gas industry that occur after the production phase. This segment of the industry includes the refining, processing, transporting, marketing, and distribution of oil, natural gas, and petroleum-derived products to businesses and consumers. Downstream encompasses everything that happens to hydrocarbons after they are extracted […] Read More

Distillation

Distillation is a widely used method for separating mixtures based on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture. At its core, distillation involves the selective boiling and subsequent condensation of a component in a liquid mixture. It is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The process […] Read More

Dead weight tonnage

Deadweight Tonnage (often abbreviated as DWT) is a measure of the maximum weight that a ship can carry without risking its safety. This includes the mass of everything on board — from cargo, fuel, passengers, crew, to provisions and freshwater. It’s a crucial metric for assessing a vessel’s cargo-carrying capacity and plays a vital role […] Read More

Concentrates

Concentrates in the context of energy commodities typically refer to a form of substance which has been processed to increase its purity and potential energy content. This is usually done by removing extraneous materials, resulting in a product that is denser in energy-creating compounds. In the energy sector, concentrates may pertain to substances like metallurgical […] Read More

Carcinogenic

Carcinogenic refers to any substance or agent that has the potential to cause cancer in living tissues. The mechanism by which carcinogens cause cancer can be complex and varies depending on the substance but often involves alterations to cellular DNA. Exposure to carcinogens can come from various sources including certain chemicals, radiation, and even some […] Read More

Carbon emissions

Carbon emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, which occurs when carbon-containing substances, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) or organic matter (wood, peat, etc.), are burned or undergo decomposition. Carbon emissions are a significant component of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to the greenhouse effect, where gases […] Read More

Borrowing bases

### Borrowing Bases The term “borrowing base” refers to the amount of money a lender is willing to lend to a company, typically a producer in the energy sector, based on the collateral provided by the borrower. In the context of energy commodities trading, the borrowing base is often determined by the value of the […] Read More

Bituminous binders

Bituminous binders, commonly referred to as asphalt binders or simply asphalt, are a group of sticky, viscous, black, or dark-colored cementitious materials that are primarily composed of highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These substances occur both in natural deposits and as a byproduct of the petroleum refining process. Bituminous binders are used predominantly in the […] Read More

Biofuel Plants

Biofuel Plants Biofuel plants refer to the facilities where various types of biofuels are produced. Biofuels are renewable energy sources derived from biological materials such as crops, waste plant materials, or other organic matter. These plants are designed to convert these organic materials into fuels that can be used for transportation, heating, and power generation. […] Read More

Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable fuel that is manufactured using a chemical process which converts oils and fats of natural origins into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Biodiesel is designed to be used in standard diesel engines and can be blended with petroleum diesel at various levels or used in its pure form. It provides […] Read More

Ammonia

Ammonia (NH3) is a colorless gas with a distinctive pungent smell. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen and is a critical chemical in the production of fertilizers, which is a primary use for ammonia. It is also utilized in various industrial and commercial applications including refrigeration, cleaning products, and the manufacture of plastics, […] Read More