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Waste residues

**Waste Residues** Waste residues refer to the by-products that are left over from industrial, agricultural, commercial, or domestic processes that have used up the primary product. These residues can include a wide range of materials such as biomass leftovers, ash from combustion processes, slags from metal smelting, spent catalysts, tailings from mining and milling operations, […] Read More

Viscosity graded bitumen

**Viscosity Graded Bitumen:** Viscosity graded bitumen is a classification of asphalt based on its viscosity at a specific temperature. It is a semi-solid form of petroleum primarily used in road construction for its adhesive and waterproofing properties. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow; in the context of bitumen, it determines the […] Read More

Vacuum Gas Oil

**Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO)** Vacuum Gas Oil, often abbreviated as VGO, refers to a group of intermediate oil products obtained during the petroleum refining process. VGO is produced in a vacuum distillation unit, which operates at a pressure well below atmospheric pressure, allowing the oil to be separated at lower temperatures and thereby minimizing thermal […] Read More

Very Large Crude Carrier

Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) A Very Large Crude Carrier, commonly abbreviated as VLCC, is a type of large tanker ship designed for the transportation of crude oil. VLCCs are amongst the largest moving man-made structures and are classified by their deadweight tonnage (DWT), which is the measure of how much weight a ship can […] Read More

Vessel berthing

Vessel berthing refers to the process whereby a ship is brought to a berth at a port or harbor to load or unload cargo, embark or disembark passengers, undergo maintenance, or refuel. Berthing involves maneuvering the vessel to the dock, securing it with ropes or mooring lines, and often utilizing tugboats and piloting services to […] Read More

Upstream

In the context of the oil and gas industry, the term “upstream” refers to the exploration and production stage of the energy lifecycle. This encompasses all activities related to the search for potential underground or underwater oil and gas reserves, drilling of exploratory wells, and the subsequent drilling and operation of the wells that recover […] Read More

Transesterification

Transesterification is a chemical process used primarily to convert oils, which are typically triglycerides, into biodiesel. This reaction involves exchanging the organic group of an ester with the organic group of an alcohol. In the context of biodiesel production, transesterification typically refers to the reaction where vegetable oils or animal fats react with an alcohol […] Read More

Time-charter vessels

Time-charter vessels refer to a type of charter agreement in the shipping industry where a charterer rents a vessel from the ship owner for a specified period. During this time, the charterer has control over the vessel, including where it goes and what it carries, within the agreed terms of the charter. The shipowner, meanwhile, […] Read More

Tanker vessels

Tanker Vessels: Tanker vessels are a class of large ships designed specifically for the transportation of bulk liquid cargoes. These cargoes can include various forms of oil, such as crude oil, petroleum products, liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), chemicals, and even wine. Depending on the cargo, tanker vessels are specially designed and […] Read More

Synergies

Synergies refer to the combined benefit that is realized when two or more entities, such as companies, processes, or systems, work together to produce a result that is greater than the sum of their individual effects. In the energy commodities trading sector, synergies often become a focal point during mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, or […] Read More

Syndicated trade finance facilities

Syndicated Trade Finance Facilities Syndicated trade finance facilities are structured funding arrangements where a group of financial institutions collectively agree to provide credit for international trade transactions to a single borrower or a group of borrowers. These facilities are typically used to support large trade finance operations that may be beyond the capacity of a […] Read More

Sulphur

Sulphur, also spelled sulfur, is a nonmetallic chemical element with the symbol S and atomic number 16. It is abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic. In its elemental form, sulphur is a bright yellow crystalline solid at room temperature. It is an essential element for all life and is found in amino acids and proteins. Additionally, sulphur […] Read More

Supply chain

**Supply Chain** A supply chain is a complex network that includes individuals, organizations, resources, activities, and technologies involved in the production and delivery of a product or service from the supplier to the customer. The supply chain encompasses the steps it takes to get a good or service from the initial raw materials to the […] Read More

Structured financing capabilities

Structured Financing Capabilities **Definition:** Structured financing capabilities refer to the specialized set of financial services and instruments designed to manage complex financing needs that are not typically addressed by conventional financial products. This approach involves creating bespoke solutions that can accommodate unique borrower requirements, optimize capital structure, or mitigate specific risks associated with a transaction […] Read More

Solar

Solar In the context of energy commodities and power generation, “solar” refers to the utilization of energy from the sun to produce electricity or heat. This process is harnessed through various technologies, most notably photovoltaic (PV) cells or solar panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity. Another method is concentrated solar power (CSP), which uses […] Read More

Self-liquidating

Self-liquidating is a term used in finance and trading to describe a transaction or investment that generates sufficient cash flow to repay or justify the initial capital outlay. In the context of energy commodities trading, this term can refer to a financing arrangement where the sale proceeds of the commodity are used to pay off […] Read More

Renewable Energy Directive (REDII)

Renewable Energy Directive (REDII) refers to the European Union’s directive (2018/2001/EU), which is a revision of the initial Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC). REDII sets out a common framework for the promotion of energy from renewable sources. It came into force on December 24, 2018, and it establishes an EU-wide renewable energy target of at least […] Read More