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Gas carriers

Gas carriers are specialized ships designed for the transportation of natural gas in its liquefied (LNG) or compressed (CNG) state. They are essential to the global energy supply chain, bridging the distance between gas production facilities and consumer markets. Gas carriers are equipped with sophisticated containment systems and safety measures that cater to the unique […] Read More

Feedstocks

Feedstocks are the raw materials that are processed in industrial operations to produce energy, fuels, and other chemical products. In the energy sector, feedstocks typically refer to the basic materials used in the production of energy commodities such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil, and petrochemicals. Common feedstocks include crude oil, natural gas, coal, […] Read More

Factoring program

Factoring Program A factoring program is a financial arrangement in which a business sells its accounts receivable (invoices) to a third party, known as a factor, at a discount. This allows the business to receive immediate cash, rather than waiting for the payment terms of the invoices, which could be 30, 60, or even 90 […] Read More

Export grade specifications

**Export Grade Specifications** In the context of energy commodities trading, “export grade specifications” refer to a set of quality and purity standards that a particular type of commodity, such as oil, natural gas, coal, or renewable fuels, must meet in order to be exported from one country to another. These specifications ensure that the commodity […] Read More

Esterification

Esterification is a chemical reaction in which an acid (often an organic carboxylic acid) and an alcohol combine to form an ester and water. This process typically involves the removal of a water molecule, which allows the remaining parts of the acid and alcohol molecules to join together. Esterification is a key reaction in organic […] Read More

European Emissions Trading Scheme

The European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), also known as the European Union Emissions Trading System, is a cornerstone of the European Union’s policy to combat climate change and a key tool for reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. Launched in 2005, it is the first and largest international system for trading greenhouse gas emission […] Read More

European Economic Area

The European Economic Area (EEA) is a partnership between the European Union (EU) members and three of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries – Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. It was established on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between the member states. The aim of the EEA is to extend the EU’s internal market […] Read More

EN14214

EN14214 is a European standard specifying the requirements and test methods for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for use as a diesel fuel or as a blending component with diesel fuel. This standard ensures that the biodiesel produced is fit for purpose in terms of engine performance and emissions when used in […] Read More

Energy Transition

Energy Transition refers to the global shift from reliance on fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas towards more sustainable and renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power. This transition is driven by the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change, improve energy security, and create a […] Read More

Economic sanctions

### Economic Sanctions: **Definition:** Economic sanctions are a form of punitive measure taken by one or more countries against a targeted country, group, or individual in an attempt to influence their behavior and policies by restricting trade and/or financial transactions. These sanctions can take various forms such as tariffs, trade barriers, import quotas, currency restrictions, […] Read More

Economies of scale

Economies of scale refer to the cost advantage that arises with increased output of a product. Essentially, as companies grow and the scale of their operations expands, they can usually produce goods or services more cheaply per unit. This reduction in cost is achieved through several factors, such as the ability to buy inputs in […] Read More

Dry-bulk vessels

Dry-bulk vessels are large ships specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, steel coils, and cement, in its cargo holds. Unlike tankers that carry liquid products or container ships designed for containerized cargo, dry-bulk vessels are optimized for materials that are loaded, transported, and discharged in a dry condition. These […] Read More

Biofuels

Biofuels are a category of energy sources derived from biological materials (biomass), such as plants and animal waste. These fuels are considered to be renewable because the feedstock used in their production can be regrown or replenished over a short period of time, as opposed to fossil fuels which take millions of years to form. […] Read More

Downstream

Downstream refers to all activities and processes involved in the oil and gas industry that occur after the production phase. This segment of the industry includes the refining, processing, transporting, marketing, and distribution of oil, natural gas, and petroleum-derived products to businesses and consumers. Downstream encompasses everything that happens to hydrocarbons after they are extracted […] Read More

Distillation

Distillation is a widely used method for separating mixtures based on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture. At its core, distillation involves the selective boiling and subsequent condensation of a component in a liquid mixture. It is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction. The process […] Read More

Dead weight tonnage

Deadweight Tonnage (often abbreviated as DWT) is a measure of the maximum weight that a ship can carry without risking its safety. This includes the mass of everything on board — from cargo, fuel, passengers, crew, to provisions and freshwater. It’s a crucial metric for assessing a vessel’s cargo-carrying capacity and plays a vital role […] Read More

Concentrates

Concentrates in the context of energy commodities typically refer to a form of substance which has been processed to increase its purity and potential energy content. This is usually done by removing extraneous materials, resulting in a product that is denser in energy-creating compounds. In the energy sector, concentrates may pertain to substances like metallurgical […] Read More

Carcinogenic

Carcinogenic refers to any substance or agent that has the potential to cause cancer in living tissues. The mechanism by which carcinogens cause cancer can be complex and varies depending on the substance but often involves alterations to cellular DNA. Exposure to carcinogens can come from various sources including certain chemicals, radiation, and even some […] Read More